Vitaphone: Celebrating 100 years of synchronised sound

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  • David Ferguson
    Pro Film Handler
    • Jan 2020
    • 269
    • Edinburgh, UK

    #1

    Vitaphone: Celebrating 100 years of synchronised sound

    100 years ago today, the first feature movie with Vitaphone synchronised sound was released. A full description and history of…


    100 years ago today, the first feature movie with Vitaphone synchronised sound was released. A full description and history of the Vitaphone system will be given in the upcoming Autumn edition of our Rewind magazine, however such a milestone is worth celebrating on the day of the 100th anniversary.

    Don Juan, which premiered at the Warners’ Theatre in New York City on August 6th, 1926, was actually a silent movie meaning there was no talking, singing or sound effects. However, unlike all other silent movies that had a live orchestra / band / performance to accompany the picture, Don Juan had synchronised sound – a music track that was recorded by the studio and played in sync with the picture.

    This was accomplished with the Vitaphone system, where large 16″ diameter shellac record discs (calling them “vinyl” would be incorrect, as shellac was the material used, not vinyl) were played mechanically in sync using specialist projectors that had turntable bases fitted. The turntables turned at 33 1/3 rpm, a speed chosen so that the length of the 16″ discs would match the 10 minute runtime of the 1000ft spools of film used.

    The Projected Picture Trust are lucky enough to have a couple of sound-on-disc systems (although not a Vitaphone branded one) in our extensive cinema technology collection, as well as at least one 16″ disc.
    ​
    While Don Juan was not a “talkie” as it only had synchronised orchestral music, the presentation was preceeded by some shorts that also used the Vitaphone system, and these did have synchronised talking, singing and sound effects. However it was not until a year later that 1927’s The Jazz Singer that a full feature with talking and singing was created using Vitaphone, and this is often credited with starting the talkies era.

    It should also be noted that Vitaphone was not the first synchronised sound format – there were a plethora of others before it, a few of which were covered in Dion’s article earlier this year in Rewind 190. However Vitaphone was the first commercially successful system, even though it only lasted a few years, quickly being overtaken by sound-on-film systems.
    I've seen a few sound-on-disc systems now (two at the Projected Picture Trust's archives, and two others at film collectors' houses), but never any operational. There is one cinema in the UK - the Stockport Plaza - that has two sound-on-disc machines setup, but I don't know when the last time the disc bits actually got used.
  • Andrew Leist
    Newbie
    • Jan 2020
    • 9
    • Los Angeles, California, USA

    #2
    Hollywood SMPTE and Warner Bros are presenting a Vitaphone demonstration this week in Los Angeles:

    "Join us for a rare presentation of original Vitaphone shorts accompanied by their century-old soundtrack discs, a special reel presentation from Don Juan, an exclusive 100 Years of Film Sound Exhibit, and feature film A Century of Sound in Warner Bros. Films (1926–2026) - a showcase of the technological and creative milestones that transformed the moviegoing experience for generations."

    Step back to where film sound began and celebrate 100 years of innovation at Warner Bros.​
    EVENT DATE:
    Saturday, August 8, 2026

    WHERE:
    Warner Bros. Studios | Steven J. Ross Theater

    TIME:
    12:00pm–1:00pm – 100 Years of Film Sound Exhibit in SJR Lobby
    12:30pm – Theatre Doors Open
    1:00pm – Show Starts

    IMPORTANT: For studio access, please RSVP with your full name exactly as it appears on your government-issued photo ID. Matching identification will be required for entry to the event.

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    • Leo Enticknap
      Film God
      • Jan 2020
      • 3572
      • Loma Linda, CA

      #3
      This was accomplished with the Vitaphone system, where large 16″ diameter shellac record discs (calling them “vinyl” would be incorrect, as shellac was the material used, not vinyl)
      Initially, yes, though the filler formulation was significantly different (softer) than that used for consumer records, in order to reduce surface noise. A side effect of that plus the much higher tracking weight of Vitaphone turntables vs. consumer electric phonographs was that each record was only good for around a dozen playings before the sound quality audibly deteriorated.

      However, sound on disc had a much longer tail than many realize, in order to service the theaters that had invested in it and couldn't afford to re-equip again in the middle of the Great Depression. I believe that disc sets continued to be available from the major studios until the late '30s, although the number needed dwindled during the decade. From around 1931 or '32, the 16" shellac records were replaced with 12" RCA "Vitrolac" discs. They were plastic of some description: I've never been able to find out exactly what, though probably not the polyvinyl carbonate introduced in the late '40s and used for record production ever since. Contemporary accounts suggest that they were more robust and less noisy than the 16" shellac discs they replaced, and would usually last the life of the print that they shipped with.

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      • Tim Reed
        Film Handler
        • May 2020
        • 67
        • Van Wert, Ohio, USA

        #4
        The Loews Jersey in Jersey City, NJ had a working Vitaphone installation several years ago. Not sure if it's still there.

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        • Tj Hopland
          Pro Film Handler
          • Jun 2025
          • 264
          • Minneapolis, MN

          #5
          Its a lot to think about trying to make one of these work say after the 50's. I assume by that time there was no interest by the general public and for sure not at the studios to remake or keep any prints of those titles. 50's would have also been what forced equipment upgrades remodels or even closures of theaters that would have been around in that era so a lot of the equipment and prints and discs would have probably been disposed of around then if not before that, perhaps wartime scrap drives? That leaves a pretty big gap of time before preservation and restoration stuff kinda became more common.

          Were there enthusiasts messing with this stuff and doing their best to preserve any of it the whole time? Or was there a gap there too where what was left just deteriorated? I assume there are way more discs than anything else since those were fairly compact and stable. Then probably equipment since most theaters had various nooks to horde stuff. Prints are probably the most scarce part of the puzzle? Like most of the silent era stuff original elements were not kept for the most part so its just release prints that maybe survived ? But being among the oldest prints and on nitrate probably not many of those made it either?

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          • Steve Levy
            Newbie
            • Mar 2022
            • 9
            • Los Angeles, CA

            #6
            The ERPI base that was donated to the LOEW'S Jersey came out of the Franklin Theater in Nutley NJ.The turntable was found in the Fox Theater in Hackensack, NJ and completed the base.

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